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The Negro Family, the Case for National Action

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The Negro Family unit: The Case For National Action , unremarkably known as the Moynihan Report, was a 1965 report on blackness poverty in the United States written past Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American sociologist serving as Banana Secretary of Labor under President Lyndon B. Johnson and afterwards to go a Us Senator. Moynihan argued that the rise in black unmarried-mother families was caused not by a lack of jobs, but by a destructive vein in ghetto civilization, which could be traced to slavery times and connected discrimination in the American South under Jim Crow. Blackness sociologist E. Franklin Frazier had introduced that idea in the 1930s, but Moynihan was considered 1 of the showtime academics to defy conventional social-science wisdom nearly the structure of poverty. Equally he wrote later, "The work began in the most orthodox setting, the US Department of Labor, to establish at some level of statistical conciseness what 'anybody knew': that economical weather decide social conditions. Whereupon, it turned out that what everyone knew was obviously non so."[ane] The report ended that the high rate of families headed by unmarried mothers would greatly hinder progress of blacks toward economical and political equality. The Moynihan Written report was criticized past liberals at the fourth dimension of publication, and its conclusions remain controversial.

Background [edit]

While writing The Negro Family: The Case For National Action, Moynihan was employed in a political appointee position at the U.s. Section of Labor, hired to help develop policy for the Johnson administration in its War on Poverty. In the course of analyzing statistics related to black poverty, Moynihan noticed something unusual:[2] Rates of black male unemployment and welfare enrollment, instead of running parallel as they ever had, started to diverge in 1962 in a way that would come to be called "Moynihan's scissors."[iii]

When Moynihan published his report in 1965, the out-of-wedlock birthrate amidst blacks was 25 percent, much higher than that of whites.[4]

Contents [edit]

In the introduction to his written report, Moynihan said that "the gap between the Negro and most other groups in American society is widening."[v] He besides said that the collapse of the nuclear family in the black lower class would preserve the gap between possibilities for Negroes and other groups and favor other ethnic groups. He best-selling the continued existence of racism and discrimination inside society, despite the victories that blacks had won by civil rights legislation.[5]

Moynihan concluded, "The steady expansion of welfare programs can exist taken as a measure of the steady disintegration of the Negro family unit structure over the past generation in the The states."[six]

More than 30 years subsequently, S. Craig Watkins described Moynihan'south conclusions: Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Product of Blackness Cinema (1998):

The report concluded that the construction of family life in the black community constituted a 'tangle of pathology... capable of perpetuating itself without help from the white world,' and that 'at the eye of the deterioration of the textile of Negro gild is the deterioration of the Negro family. It is the cardinal source of the weakness of the Negro customs at the present time.' Besides, the report argued that the matriarchal structure of blackness culture weakened the ability of black men to function as dominance figures. That particular notion of black familial life has become a widespread, if not dominant, paradigm for comprehending the social and economic disintegration of late 20th-century black urban life.[vii]

Influence [edit]

The Moynihan Study generated considerable controversy and has had long-lasting and important influence. Writing to Lyndon Johnson, Moynihan argued that without access to jobs and the means to contribute meaningful support to a family, blackness men would become systematically alienated from their roles every bit husbands and fathers, which would crusade rates of divorce, child abandonment and out-of-wedlock births to skyrocket in the black customs (a tendency that had already begun by the mid-1960s), leading to vast increases in the numbers of households headed by females.[ citation needed ]

Moynihan fabricated a contemporaneous argument for programs for jobs, vocational training, and educational programs for the black community. Modern scholars of the 21st century, including Douglas Massey, believe that the written report was ane of the more influential in the construction of the War on Poverty.[ citation needed ]

In 2009 historian Sam Tanenhaus wrote that Moynihan's fights with the New Left over the report were a bespeak that Great Gild liberalism had political challengers both from the right and from the left.[8]

Reception and following fence [edit]

From the time of its publication, the report has been sharply attacked by black and civil rights leaders as examples of white patronizing, cultural bias, or racism. At diverse times, the report has been condemned or dismissed by the NAACP and other civil rights groups and leaders such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton. Critics defendant Moynihan of relying on stereotypes of the black family unit and black men, implying that blacks had inferior bookish performance, portrayed criminal offence and pathology as owned to the blackness community and failing to recognize that cultural bias and racism in standardized tests had contributed to apparent lower achievement past blacks in school.[9] The written report was criticized for threatening to undermine the place of civil rights on the national calendar, leaving "a vacuum that could be filled with a politics that blamed Blacks for their own troubles."[ten]

In 1987, Hortense Spillers, a black feminist bookish, criticized the Moynihan Report on semantic grounds for its use of "matriarchy" and "patriarchy" when he described the African-American family. She argues that the terminology used to define white families cannot be used to ascertain African-American families because of the manner slavery has affected the African-American family.[11]

Scholar Roderick Ferguson traced the furnishings of the Moynihan Report in his volume Aberrations in Black, noting that black nationalists disagreed with the report's suggestion that the state provide blackness men with masculinity, but agreed that men needed to take back the role of the patriarch. Ferguson argued that the Moynihan Report generated hegemonic discourses about minority communities and nationalist sentiments in the Black community.[12] Ferguson uses the discourse of the Moynihan Report to inform his Queer of Color Critique, which attempts to resist national soapbox while acknowledging a simultaneity of oppression through coalition building.

African-American libertarian economist and writer Walter E. Williams has praised the report for its findings. He has also said, "The solutions to the major bug that confront many black people won't be found in the political arena, especially non in Washington or land capitols."[6] Thomas Sowell, an African-American libertarian economist besides, has likewise praised the Moynihan Report on several occasions. His 1982 book Race and Economic science mentions Moynihan'southward report, and in 1998 he asserted that the report "may have been the concluding honest government report on race."[13] In 2015 Sowell argued that time had proved right Moynihan's core idea that African-American poverty was less a result of racism and more a effect of unmarried-parent families: "I fundamental fact that keeps getting ignored is that the poverty rate amid black married couples has been in single digits every yr since 1994."[fourteen]

Political commentator Heather MacDonald wrote for National Review in 2008, "Conservatives of all stripes routinely praise Daniel Patrick Moynihan'south prescience for warning in 1965 that the breakdown of the black family threatened the accomplishment of racial equality. They rightly blast those liberals who denounced Moynihan's report."[15]

Sociologist Stephen Steinberg argued in 2011 that the Moynihan report was condemned "considering it threatened to derail the Black liberation movement."[ten]

Attempting to divert responsibleness [edit]

Psychologist William Ryan coined the phrase "blaming the victim" in his 1971 volume Blaming the Victim,[16] specifically as a critique of the Moynihan report. He said that it was an attempt to divert responsibility for poverty from social structural factors to the behaviors and cultural patterns of the poor.[17]

Feminist critique [edit]

Feminists argue the Moynihan Written report presents a "male-centric" view of social issues. They believe that Moynihan failed to take into account basic rational incentives for marriage. He did not acknowledge that women had historically engaged in marriage in part out of need for material resources, equally adequate wages were otherwise denied by cultural traditions excluding women from near jobs outside the dwelling house. With the expansion of welfare in the U.s. in the mid to late 20th century, women gained better access to government resource intended to reduce family unit and kid poverty.[18] Women also increasingly gained admission to the workplace.[19] As a upshot, more women were able to subsist independently when men had difficulty finding work.[twenty] [21]

Counter-response [edit]

Declaring Moynihan "prophetic," Ken Auletta, in his 1982 The Underclass, proclaimed that "one cannot talk about poverty in America, or about the underclass, without talking about the weakening family unit structure of the poor." Both the Baltimore Lord's day and the New York Times ran a series on the black family in 1983, followed by a 1985 Newsweek article called "Moynihan: I Told Yous Then." In 1986, CBS aired the documentary The Vanishing Family, hosted by Pecker Moyers, a onetime aide to President Johnson, which affirmed Moynihan's findings.[iii]

In a 2001 interview with PBS, Moynihan said:

"My view is we had stumbled onto a major social change in the circumstances of post-modern guild. Information technology was not long ago in this by century that an anthropologist working in London – a very famous man at the fourth dimension, Malinowski – postulated what he called the first dominion of anthropology: That in all known societies, all male children have an best-selling begetter. That'south what we found out everywhere.... And well, maybe information technology's not true anymore. Human societies change."[39]

By the fourth dimension of that interview, rates of the number of children born to single mothers had gone up in the white and Hispanic working classes besides. In November 2016, the Current Population Survey of the United states Census Bureau reported that 69 percent of children under the historic period of 18 lived with two parents, which was a refuse from 88 per centum in 1960, while the percentage of U.S. children under 18 living with one parent increased from 9 percent (eight percent with mothers, 1 percent with fathers) to 27 pct (23 percent with mothers, four per centum with fathers).[xl]

See likewise [edit]

  • African-American family structure
  • Blackness matriarchy
  • Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Report
  • Is Marriage for White People?
  • William Julius Wilson

References [edit]

  1. ^ Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1996). Miles to Go: A Personal History of Social Policy . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 170. ISBN978-0-67457-441-0.
  2. ^ Social Disruptions Ben Wattenberg, in The First Measured Century (PBS)
  3. ^ a b Kay Due south. Hymowitz, "The Blackness Family: forty Years of Lies", City Journal
  4. ^ Daniel P. Moynihan, The Negro Family unit: The Case for National Action, Washington, D.C., Office of Policy Planning and Research, Usa Department of Labor, 1965.
  5. ^ a b Moynihan, Daniel. "The Negro Family: The Case For National Activity". United states Section of Labor. Archived from the original on Apr 28, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Walter E. Williams (November xv, 2006). "How much does politics count?". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on Oct 22, 2007.
  7. ^ Due south. Craig Watkins, Representing: Hip Hop Civilization and the Product of Black Picture palace,, pp. 218–219
  8. ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (September ane, 2009). The Death of Conservatism . Random Business firm Publishing Group. pp. 71–72. ISBN9781588369482 . Retrieved Oct 18, 2013.
  9. ^ Patterson, Liberty Is Non Enough: The Moynihan Report and America'southward Struggle Over Black Family Life From LBJ to Obama (2010).
  10. ^ a b Stephen Steinberg, "Poor Reason - Culture nonetheless doesn't explain poverty", Boston Review, January 13, 2011.
  11. ^ Spillers, Hortense. "Mama's Baby, Papa's Perchance: An American Grammar Volume", Diacritics 17.2 (1987): 64–81, JSTOR 464747.
  12. ^ Ferguson, Roderick. Aberrations in Black.
  13. ^ Sowell, Thomas (Nov 23, 1998). "Random thoughts". Jewish Globe Review. Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on April 20, 1999. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  14. ^ Sowell, Thomas (May five, 2015). "Race, Politics and Lies". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on May vii, 2015. Retrieved June three, 2020.
  15. ^ Heather MacDonald (April 14, 2008). "The Hispanic Family: The Case for National Action". National Review. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved Jan 30, 2011.
  16. ^ George Kent (2003). "Blaming the Victim, Globally". Un Chronicle Online. United nations Department of Public Information. XL (3). Archived from the original on December 24, 2003.
  17. ^ Ryan, William (1976). Blaming the Victim . Vintage. ISBN0-394-72226-four.
  18. ^ Jill Quadagno (1994). The Color of Welfare . Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120.
  19. ^ Esping-Andersen, Gosta (2009). The Incomplete Revolution. Polity Press. pp. 20–25.
  20. ^ Fuchs, V. (1988). Women'due south Quest for Economic Equality . Harvard University Press.
  21. ^ McLanahan, S. and 50. Casper, "Growing diverseness and inequality in the American family", in R. Farley (ed.), Country of the Union: America in the 1990s, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, pp. 1–45.
  22. ^ Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice K. (1968). Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960 (PDF) (Report). Public Wellness Service Publication. Vol. 1677. US Department of Health, Didactics, and Welfare, US Public Wellness Service, National Center for Wellness Statistics. p. 185.
  23. ^ Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (Oct xviii, 2000). Nonmarital Childbearing in the Us, 1940-99 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48.16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. pp. 28–31.
  24. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M. (February 12, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2000 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50.5. Centers for Illness Command and Prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  25. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (Dec 18, 2002). Births: Final Information for 2001 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51.2. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. 47.
  26. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha Fifty. (December 17, 2003). Births: Concluding Data for 2002 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52.10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. p. 57.
  27. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005). Births: Last Data for 2003 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54.2. Centers for Affliction Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 52.
  28. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006). Births: Final Data for 2004 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55.ane. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  29. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha L. (Dec 5, 2007). Births: Final Data for 2005 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56.6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  30. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January vii, 2009). Births: Final Data for 2006 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57.7. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. p. 54.
  31. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August 9, 2010). Births: Final Information for 2007 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58.24. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  32. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December viii, 2010). Births: Concluding Data for 2008 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59.1. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  33. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (Nov 3, 2011). Births: Terminal Data for 2009 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. lx.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  34. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (Baronial 28, 2012). Births: Final Information for 2010 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61.1. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 45.
  35. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013). Births: Final Data for 2011 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.1. Centers for Illness Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. 43.
  36. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.One thousand.; Curtin, Sally C. (December thirty, 2013). Births: Final Data for 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.9. Centers for Affliction Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 41.
  37. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015). Births: Terminal Data for 2013 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.one. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. twoscore.
  38. ^ Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). Births: Final Data for 2014 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.12. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. pp. vii & 41.
  39. ^ "Daniel Patrick Moynihan Interview". PBS.
  40. ^ "The Majority of Children Live With Ii Parents, Census Bureau Reports". United states Census Bureau. November 17, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Averbeck, Robin Marie. (2015) "The Skillful Old Liberals," Jacobin Magazine, recounts critiques of the Moynihan Report by Civil Rights leaders and provides a Left response to recurring 'nostalgia' for Moynihan in the press.
  • Ferguson, Roderick A. (2004) Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique Academy of Minnesota Press. In affiliate 4, Ferguson analyzes the Moynihan Report equally a coalition of sociological canons, black nationalism, the civil rights movement, neoconservative resentment, and neo-racist tendencies to initiate a tendency that sought to reaffirm heteropatriarchal normativity
  • Hymowitz, Kay Southward. (Summer 2005) "The Black Family: 40 Years of Lies"," Metropolis Periodical, argues that early rejection of the Moynihan Report caused untold, needless misery in inner urban center communities.
  • Geary, Daniel. "Racial Liberalism, the Moynihan Report, and the Daedalus Projection on 'The Negro American'," Daedalus, 140 (Wintertime 2011), 53–66.
  • Geary, Daniel. Beyond Ceremonious Rights: The Moynihan Report and Its Legacy (Academy of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).
  • Geary, Daniel. " 'Racial self-help' or 'Blaming the Victim' ", Salon, 19 July 2015
  • Klass, Gary, Volume review of William Ryan's Blaming the Victim (1976): [1], 1995
  • Kristol, Irving (August 1971). "The Best of Intentions, the Worst of Results", The Atlantic, discusses Moynihan and his critics
  • Massey, Douglas S., and Robert J. Sampson, "Moynihan Redux: Legacies and Lessons", Annals of the American University of Political and Social Science, 621 (Jan. 2009), 6–27.
  • Patterson, James T. Freedom Is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America'due south Struggle Over Blackness Family Life From LBJ to Obama (Basic Books; 2010)
  • Wilson, William Julius, "The Moynihan Report and Research on the Black Customs", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621 (Jan. 2009), 34–46.

External links [edit]

  • Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor (March 1965) "The Negro Family unit: The Instance For National Action" – Moynihan Report, hosted past Section of Labor, 1965

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Family:_The_Case_For_National_Action

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